ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Donald R. Van Deventer, Ph.D.

Don founded Kamakura Corporation in April 1990 and currently serves as Co-Chair, Center for Applied Quantitative Finance, Risk Research and Quantitative Solutions at SAS. Don’s focus at SAS is quantitative finance, credit risk, asset and liability management, and portfolio management for the most sophisticated financial services firms in the world.

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CDS Trading Volume for 1,239 Reference Names From 2010 to 2014

01/08/2015 10:39 AM

In this report, we update the semi-annual Kamakura Corporation analysis of trading volume in single name credit default swaps as reported by the Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (“DTCC”). In today’s analysis, we look at 233 weeks of single name credit default swap trading volume data from the week ended July 16, 2010 through December 26, 2014 for 1,239 reference names. In all there were 198,089 weekly observations in the data set for which there was at least 1 trade for that reference name.

Conclusion: We continue to find minimal “end user” trade volume for the overwhelming majority of the reference names. The exception is the trading of credit default swaps on sovereign reference names. The lack of volume in the single name credit default swap market has important implications for the profitability of dealers like JPMorgan Chase & Co. (JPM), Goldman Sachs (GS), Citigroup Inc. (C), Morgan Stanley (MS), and many other very large financial institutions.

The Analysis
Prior reports from Kamakura Corporation on overall volume in the single name credit default swap market were published for the 207 weeks ended June 27, 2014, 181 weeks ended December 27, 2013 , the 155 weeks ended June 28, 2013 , the 129 weeks ended December 30, 2012 , and the 103 weeks ended June 29, 2012.

In this analysis, we make use of the degree to which trading in single name credit default swaps was trading between two dealers as defined by the Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (“DTCC”) . In this study, we use the percentage of dealer-dealer trades still open in the DTCC trade warehouse as of January 10, 2014: 72.48%.

We analyze CDS trading volume for the 1,239 reference names for which CDS trades were reported by DTCC during the 233 week period ended December 26, 2014. The weekly trade information is from the Section IV reports from DTCC. The data is described this way in the DTCC document “Explanation of Trade Information Warehouse Data” (May, 2011):

“Section IV (Weekly Transaction Activity) provides weekly activity where market participants were engaging in market risk transfer activity. The transaction types include new trades between two parties, a termination of an existing transaction, or the assignment of an existing transaction to a third party. Section IV excludes transactions which did not result in a change in the market risk position of the market participants, and are not market activity. For example, central counterparty clearing, and portfolio compression both terminate existing transactions and re-book new transactions or amend existing transactions. These transactions still maintain the same risk profile and consequently are not included as ‘market risk transfer activity.’”

Our emphasis is not on gross trading volume. The following graph shows the weekly notional principal traded on all reference names since the DTCC began weekly reporting in July 2010:

The next graph shows the weekly number of contracts traded on all reference names:

As mentioned above, dealer-dealer volume is 72.48% in the single name credit default swap market and it would be nearly costless for dealers to inflate gross trading volume by trading among themselves. Instead, we focus on “end user” trading where at least one of the parties to a trade is not a dealer. Accordingly, we make the following adjustments to the weekly number of trades reported by DTCC for each reference name:

  1. We divide each weekly number of trades by 5 to convert weekly volume to an average daily volume for that week
  2. From that gross daily average number of trades, we classify 72.48% of trades as “dealer-dealer” trades, using the January 10, 2014 “dealer-dealer” share of trades in the DTCC trade warehouse.
  3. The remaining 27.52% is classified as daily average “non-dealer” volume, the focus of the reporting below.

Important note: the trading averages for each reference name are reported only for those weeks in which there were trades. In other words, the averages are conditional on trades taking place.

Daily Non-Dealer Trading Volume for 1,239 Reference Names
Before reporting on the 1,239 reference names in the DTCC warehouse, it is important to note a very important fact. Kamakura Risk Information Services’ default probability service produces daily default probabilities on 35,000 public firms around the world, including more than 5,600 in the United States. The DTCC weekly reports were designed to report the top 1,000 reference names ranked by daily credit default swap trading volume. In none of the 233 weeks, however, were there as many as 1,000 reference names reported by DTCC. In essence, the weekly reports contain every reference name in which there was non-zero trading volume in the DTCC. For all other reference names, then, trading volume was zero. This means that almost 33,800 of the public firms in KRIS had zero credit default swap trading volume over the entire 233 week period studied. We now turn to the 1,239 reference names for which there was at least 1 credit default swap trade during the 233 week period.

We first analyzed daily average non-dealer CDS trading volume by calculating the daily average number of contracts traded, as described above, for all 1,239 reference names for the entire 233 week period. The distribution of the reference names by non-dealer daily average trading volume contains some very surprising results, shown in this histogram of 233 week daily average of non-dealer contracts traded per day. Note that the graph only shows averages of 20 or less for easier viewing:

Among the surprising conclusions are these facts:

  • Only 4 reference names averaged 10 or more non-dealer trades per day
  • Only 21 reference names averaged 5 or more non-dealer trades per day
  • 99% of references names averaged less than 6.18 non-dealer trades per day
  • 95% of reference names averaged less than 3.29 non-dealer trades per day
  • 75% of reference names averaged less than 1.48 non-dealer trades per day
  • The median reference name averaged 0.78 non-dealer trades per day
  • The average reference name averaged 1.18 non-dealer trades per day

These trading volumes are very small to say the least, and it continues to be astonishing that financial journalists have not made the appropriate disclaimers when quoting “CDS prices” (many of which are quotes, not trades) for specific reference names. The chart below lists the top 25 reference names ranked by the non-dealer daily average number of trades over the 233 week period. We also display the 233 week daily average non-dealer notional principal traded. Please note that the non-dealer percentage of trades is only available for the entire warehouse of deals at DTCC. We have assumed the same non-dealer percentage applies to each reference name as a first approximation.

The most actively traded reference name was Brazil, for which gross weekly trading volume (including dealer-dealer trades) is graphed here in terms of contracts:

The weekly gross notional amount of trading in Brazil is graphed in the next chart:

In order to better understand the data, we next analyzed each week of data for all 1,239 reference names. In aggregate, there should be 233 x 1,239 = 288,687 “reference name-weeks” of data reported, but there was no data reported on 90,598 occasions because there were no trades in that week for that reference name. Dividing these 90,598 observations by 1,239 reference names shows that, on average over the 233 week period, there were 73 weeks for each reference name in which there were zero CDS trades. The daily average non-dealer trade volumes for the 198,089 weekly non-zero observations have the following distribution:

Again, this analysis allows us to draw some more surprising conclusions about all weekly trading in single name CDS for all 1,239 reference names, and a total of 288,687 potential observations:

  • 31.4% of the 288,687 potential observations showed zero trading volume.
  • Of the 198,089 non-zero observations, we found
    • 99% of the observations showed less than 10.02 non-dealer trades per day
    • 95% of the observations showed less than 5.01 non-dealer trades per day
    • 75% of the observations showed less than 1.65 non-dealer trades per day
    • The median number of trades per day, excluding the “no trade” observations, was 0.66 contracts
    • The mean number of trades per day, excluding the “no trade” observations, was 1.40 contracts

For more information concerning this analysis of credit default swap trading volumes, please contact us at info@kamakuraco.com;

After reviewing the non-dealer trading volume reference name by reference name, we repeat the warning from our January 4, 2012 analysis: a sophisticated observer should assume that both traded CDS spreads and quoted spreads are highly likely to have been affected by collusion, as highlighted inthis recent BloombergTV video. Indeed, thefirst lawsuits in this regard were filed in 2013. Any other assumption could be hazardous to your wallet.

Donald R. van Deventer
Kamakura Corporation
Honolulu, January 6, 2015

Copyright ©2015 Donald van Deventer

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Donald R. Van Deventer, Ph.D.

Don founded Kamakura Corporation in April 1990 and currently serves as Co-Chair, Center for Applied Quantitative Finance, Risk Research and Quantitative Solutions at SAS. Don’s focus at SAS is quantitative finance, credit risk, asset and liability management, and portfolio management for the most sophisticated financial services firms in the world.

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